Assessment of partisanship on democracy and democratic norms in Ghana

Abstract

This thesis set out to assess partisanship effects on democracy and democratic norms in Ghana. Grounded in agonistic theory of democracy, examines how partisanship influences core democratic norms in Ghana—namely, political participation, civic accountability, electoral behaviour, and institutional trust. Using a survey design approach, the study operationalizes “appreciation of partisanship” through attitudinal measures and behavioural indicators. Data were analysed with cross-tabulations and chi-square tests to assess associations between partisan identity and each democratic norm. Key findings reveal that most Ghanaians—partisans and independents alike—define politics primarily as government decision-making, yet strongly favour including independent voices in policy debates. While electoral turnout is driven by civic duty rather than party loyalty, partisans exhibit higher vote loyalty even as one-third report conditional swing-voting. Over 75 percent accept election outcomes unconditionally, and the majority view petitions as legitimate tests of justice. Both groups engage robustly in civic activities—contacting officials and critiquing policy—but attend demonstrations infrequently. Partisans criticize government more often, though active citizenship does not require party attachment. Trust in the courts (over election petitions) and the Electoral Commission remains high, especially among independents. Crucially, large majorities agree that partisan conflict fuels violence at the polling station, in communities, and within households, while deterring broader participation and fostering out-group disregard. The thesis concludes that partisanship in Ghana is a double-edged sword. It energizes political engagement and accountability yet reinforces polarization, undermines inclusion, and escalates conflict. Recommendations include institutionalized bipartisan forums, targeted civic-education for swing-voter stability, transparent adjudication of electoral disputes, real-time accountability tools, and cross-party liaison structures to foster mutual respect and sustain democratic resilience.