Ghanaian children understanding and realization of their rights- a phenomenological perspective of students at Juaboso senior high school

Abstract

International human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), have continuously aspired to advance child rights and project children into active roles and subjects of human rights. However, implementation gaps still exist, particularly in developing countries where traditional perceptions and realities often contradict the ideals of these human rights mechanisms. In Ghana, these barriers persist despite the country's record as the first country to ratify and subsequently harmonize the UNCRC into its national laws. To enhance the realization of child rights, there is therefore the need to investigate children’s knowledge and understanding of their rights. Consequently, this study explored Juaboso Senior High School students’ knowledge and experience of child rights. Guided by the qualitative research approach and phenomenological design, data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. As per the study’s findings, most students perceived child rights as inherent freedoms, however, there was confusion about the understanding of rights and responsibilities. Again, the primary sources of information on child rights were highlighted as schools, the media and religious institutions. Nonetheless, there was a noticeable gap in understanding participation rights and specific legislative instruments like the UNCRC and the Children’s Act of Ghana. Moreover, it was evident that when children were aware of their rights, it led to mutual respect, empowerment to report abuses and advocacy, fostering positive community change. Also, numerous sociocultural, religious and economic barriers, impeded the realization of child rights. The study highlights the importance of media campaigns integrating insights from children and utilizing local languages to enhance knowledge and understanding about child rights. Also, leveraging platforms presented by religious groups and schools in sensitization on child rights were mentioned. The findings highlight the need for enhanced education, media-based awareness creation, reinforcement of legislative frameworks and multi-sectoral collaborations to improve children's understanding and knowledge about their rights. These findings contribute valuable insights to the child rights discourse and propose practical strategies to enhance their realization and protection.