Language shift and maintenance a study of Sefwi (Esahie) language in the Bia East and West Districts in the Western North Region

Abstract

This study examined language shift and maintenance of Sefwi (Esahie) language in the Bia East and West Districts in the Western North Region. It is one of the minority languages in Ghana experiencing pressure from Asanti Twi. A qualitative research approach with a case study design was employed. A sample of 24 respondents was selected using purposive and convenience sampling techniques for this study. A semistructured interview and non-participant observation were used to gather data, which were analyzed through thematic analysis. Fishman’s domains of use and Batibo’s (Triglossic Models were the theories used to underpin this work. The research questions were answered using descriptive thematic analysis. The findings indicate that cultural pride attached to their festival is partially maintaining the language but the language is eroding due to the pervasive dominance of Twi in daily communication, education and media. Intergenerational transmission is weakening as families are increasingly adopting Twi at home, reducing children’s exposure to their native language. Factors driving language shift include the perception that speaking of Twi leads employment opportunities, government policies supporting the dominant language over native language and feeling pressured to speak the dominant language in social settings. The lack of institutional support for Sefwi has significantly hindered its maintenance. It was recommended that Sefwi language integration into educational curricula in the Sefwi area and developing written materials and teaching the language within schools will promote and preserve the language. Promoting multilingual policies in the use of indigenous languages like Sefwi in institutions and public spaces should be advocated. Families should be encouraged to speak Sefwi at home, in creating an environment for natural transmission. This study provides critical, localized insights for developing language preservation strategies for Sefwi language.